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مسئله شر در الهیات نیک-غایت‌انگار با تأکید بر آرای جان بیشاپ و کن پرسزیک | ||
| پژوهشنامه فلسفه دین (نامه حکمت) | ||
| مقاله 11، دوره 23، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 45، فروردین 1404، صفحه 155-169 اصل مقاله (977.22 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30497/prr.2025.247631.1972 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| سیاوش اسدی* | ||
| استاد همکار، کالج انطاکیه، اوهایو، ایالات متحده آمریکا | ||
| چکیده | ||
| برای برون رفت از چالش «شر موجود»، که در قالب برهان منطقی شر مطرح می‌شود، فیلسوفان خداباور سعی در نشان دادن سازگاری منطقی شر و وجود خداوند داشته‌اند. اما عمده دفاعیات مطرح‌شده در این زمینه، که بر اساس پیش‌فرض خدای متشخص ارائه شده‌اند، مجدداً به چالش کشیده شده و اعتبار آنها مورد خدشه واقع شده است. این مطلب متفکرانی مانند بیشاپ و پرسزیک را بر آن داشته که پیشنهاد تصور جایگزین از خداوند را ضمن حفظ آموزه‌های مسیحی در آن مطرح کنند. به نظر آنها کم‌چالش‌ترین تصوری که می‌توان از خداوند ارائه داد در قالب الهیات نیک-غایت‌انگار بیان می‌شود. این نوع الهیات، که بر تعبیر خاصی از خدای نامتشخص استوار است، جهان را به عنوان یک کل هدفمند و بدون خالقِ فراطبیعی می‌نگرد که به سوی غایت خود، یعنی عشق یا خیر اعلی، در سریان است. اما نه به این معنا که خیر اعلی در نهایت محقق خواهد شد، بلکه بالفعل محقق و در واقعیت همه موجودات جاری است. بر این مبنا، شرور به عنوان نتایج طبیعی سیروت عالم فیزیکی به سوی خیر اعلی بروز می‌کنند، در حالی که خداوند علت یا مسئول وجود آنها نیست. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| شر؛ خدای نامتشخص؛ الهیات نیک-غایت‌انگار؛ جان بیشاپ؛ کن پرسزیک | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Problem of Evil in Euteleology Based on the Viewpoints of Bishop & Perszyk | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Siavash Asadi | ||
| Adjunct Faculty Member, Antioch College, Yellow Spring, Ohio, USA | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In addressing "the logical problem of evil," theistic philosophers have sought to demonstrate the logical compatibility of evil and the existence of God. However, most of the defenses presented in this context which are based on the presumption of a personal God, have been criticized and questioned. This issue has led thinkers such as Bishop & Perszyk to propose an alternative conception of God while maintaining Christian doctrines. According to them, the least contentious conception of God can be articulated within the framework of euteleology. This theological view, which is based on a particular interpretation of an impersonal God, sees the world as a purposeful whole without the need for a supernatural creator, moving towards its ultimate end, namely, love or the highest good. However, this does not imply that the highest good will eventually be realized, but rather that it is already actualized and present within the reality of all beings. In this view, evils manifest as natural consequences of the unfolding of the physical world towards the highest good, without God being the cause or responsible for their existence. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| evil, impersonal God, euteleology, John Bishop, Ken Perszyk | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Adams, Marilyn, and Stewart Sutherland. 1989. “Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 63. Adams, Marilyn. 1999. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Betenson, Toby. 2021. “The Problem of Evil Remains Logically Binding.” Religions 12(3), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12030154 Bishop, John, and Ken Perszyk. 2012. “Divine Action beyond the Personal OmniGod.” In Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Vol 5, edited by Jonathan L. Kvanvig. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bishop, John, and Ken Perszyk. 2016. “Concepts of God and Problems of Evil.” in Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine, edited by Andrei A. Buckareff and Yujin Nagasawa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bishop, John. 2007. “How a Modest Fideism may Constrain Theistic Commitments: Exploring an Alternative to Classical Theism.” Philosophia 35. Bishop, John. 2009. “Towards a Religiously Adequate Alternative to OmniGod Theism.” Sophia 48. Bishop, John. 2012. “In Quest of Authentic Divinity: Critical Notice of Mark Johnston’s Saving God: Religion after Idolatry.” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4(4). Bishop, John. 2018. “On Identifying the Problem of Evil and the Possibility of Its Theist Solution.” In The Problem of Evil: Eight Views in Dialogue, edited by N. N. Trakakis. New York: Oxford University Press. Brain, Lord. 1962. “Presidential Address.” In The Assessment of Pain in Men and Animals, edited by C. A. Keele and R. Smith. London: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Brummer, Vincent. 1992. Speaking of a Personal God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chadha, Monima. 2024. “Hinduism and Science.” In Global Dialogues in the Philosophy of Religion: From Religious Experience to the Afterlife, edited by Yujin Nagasawa and Mohammad Saleh Zarepour. New York: Oxford University Press. Danielson, Dennis Richard. 1982. Milton’s Good God: A Study in Literary Theodicy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Evans, Stephen C., and Zachary R. Manis. 2009. Philosophy of Religion: Thinking about Faith. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. Johnston, Mark. 2009. Saving God: Religion after Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kroon, Fredrick W. 1981. “Plantinga on God, Freedom, and Evil.” International Journal of Philosophy of Religion 12(2). Lewis, David. 1993. “Evil for Freedom’s Sake?” Philosophical Papers 22. Mackie, J. L. 1982. The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and Against the Existence of God. New York: Oxford University Press. Nagasawa, Yujin. 2024. The Problem of Evil for Atheists. New York: Oxford University Press. Pfeifer, Karl. 2016. “Pantheism and Panpsychism.” In Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine, edited by Andrei A. Buckareff and Yujin Nagasawa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Plantinga, Alvin. 1974. God, Freedom, and Evil. New York: Harper and Row. Plantinga, Alvin. 1982. The Nature of Necessity. New York: Oxford University Press. Rowe, William L. 1991. “Ruminations About Evil.” Philosophical Perspectives 5. Singer, Peter. 1990. Animal Liberation. New York: HarperCollins. Stump, Eleonore. 2018. “The Problem of Suffering: A Thomistic Approach.” In The Problem of Evil: Eight Views in Dialogue, edited by N. N. Trakakis. New York: Oxford University Press. Swinburne, Richard. 1977. The Coherence of Theism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tilley, Terrence W. 2018. “A Trajectory of Positions.” In The Problem of Evil: Eight Views in Dialogue, edited by N. N. Trakakis. New York: Oxford University Press. | ||
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